Madoff case Essay

1. What is the ethical issue involved in the Madoff case? The Madoff case if filled with numerous ethical issues. The case is considered to be the largest scam in our nation’s history. The Madoff case is a great example of how someone who did not care about his profession, as well as the all the personal relationships he had cultivated over the years. Bernie Madoff was involved in a scheme called a Ponzi scheme. Madoff would take money from new investors to pay off the current investor’s dividends. Since Madoff promised unrealistic gains this was the only way to pay his investors. The Ponzi scheme was Names after Charles Ponzi who had tricked investors about a century before Madoff. To keep giving earlier investors their promised return, Madoff had to continually draw new people into the scheme. His family who claim they did not know about the scheme was also involved bringing in new clients to invest with Madoff. The SEC grew very suspicious after the market lows in 2008 and Madoff’s clients were still getting high return on investment. The SEC who had been investing Madoff exposed and charged Madoff of running a Ponzi scheme. Madoff like Ponzi had a personality that people trusted and handed over millions of dollars to invest. Madoff case was strange in nature since it went on for so long. This case really opened the eyes of many investors and made them take a more active role in their investments. 2. Do you believe that Bernie Madoff worked alone, or do you think he had help in creating and sustaining the Ponzi scheme? As intelligent as Bernie Madoff may have been he could not have pulled of the country’s largest Ponzi without some help. The return on investment that constantly beat market averages should have sent up red flags to people inside the company. People within the company such as internal auditors, accounts and other in the internal system should have been really suspicious of the finical reports. Were the people in the Madoff’s office asleep at the wheel? Or was something else not publicized happening behind the scenes? There were just too many intelligent people who worked with Madoff not to see the writing on the walls. Auditing books for a couple of months may not have sent up red flags but the fact the scheme went on for 30 years may say more people were involved. The size of the scheme and the amount of money involved makes it unbelievable and almost impossible that he could have perpetrated a crime by himself. 3. What should be done to help ensure that Ponzi schemes like this one do not happen in the future? The Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the government body in charge of investigating federal securities fraud. After cases like the Madoffs people always want more regulations but fail to come up with a plan everyone can agree on. More regulations may work but may not necessarily be the answer. The SEC has to help pass smarter legislation that well sends up red flags sooner so these schemes can be stopped. As much as the SEC can do, people are really the key to stopping these schemes before they start. It is up to everyone to stop financial crimes, from the internal auditor that may see fishy finical reports, to the everyday investor who may be getting better than average returns with their investment firms. Before the Madoff case people may not have been so concerned about their high returns and just keep collecting them. Since the highly publicized Madoff case will really make people think twice before they get caught up in a Ponzi scheme themselves. The old adage â€Å"if it is too good to be true it probably is† comes to mind when dealing with Ponzi schemes. Investors really have be smart and really know where their hard earned money is going. It will be just a matter of time before another â€Å"Bernie Madoff† comes and tries to scam people, however if the SEC and investors are on the same page scams may be stopped before they get started.

Behaviour Research and Therapy Essay

Abstract Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for Social Phobia is effective in both group and individual formats. However, the impact of group processes on treatment efï ¬ cacy remains relatively unexplored. In this study we examined group cohesion ratings made by individuals at the midpoint and endpoint of CBT groups for social phobia. Symptom measures were also completed at the beginning and end of treatment. We found that cohesion ratings signiï ¬ cantly increased over the course of the group and were associated with improvement over time in social anxiety symptoms, as well as improvement on measures of general anxiety, depression, and functional impairment. In conclusion, ï ¬ ndings are consistent with the idea that changes in group cohesion are related to social anxiety symptom reduction and, therefore, speak to the importance of nonspeciï ¬ c therapeutic factors in treatment outcome. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Social phobia; Social anxiety disorder; Group c ohesion; Cognitive-behavior therapy Introduction Social phobia is characterized by an excessive fear of social or performance situations, during which a person may be scrutinized, judged, embarrassed, or humiliated by others. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for social phobia have primarily come from a cognitive-behavioral orientation and include various combinations of four main components: (1) exposure-based strategies, (2) cognitive therapy, (3) social skills training, and (4) applied relaxation (for reviews, see   administered in either individual and group formats (e.g., Heimberg, Salzman, Holt, & Blendell, 1993; Turner, Beidel, Cooley, Woody, & Messer, 1994). However, the mechanisms of change, and effective ingredients of these treatments remain relatively understudied. Researchers have compared group and individual treatments for this condition, although evidence regarding the relative effectiveness of each approach has been inconsistent (see Scholing & Emmelkamp, 1993; Stangier, Heidenreich, Peitz, Laut erbach, & Clark, 2003; Wlazlo, Schroeder-Hartwig, Hand, Kaiser, & Munchau, 1990 for direct comparisons of individual and group cognitive-behavioral treatment for social  ¨ phobia). However, for some patients, group treatment may offer a number of advantages over individual treatment. For example, group treatment provides an opportunity to marshal group processes (e.g., encouragement, support, and modeling from other group members) that may aid in teaching cognitive strategies and facilitating exposure exercises. Further, there may be nonspeciï ¬ c effects that arise as a result of the relationships that form amongst group members that may contribute to therapeutic outcome. We decided to investigate how these group processes, particularly group cohesion, may be related to treatment outcome in cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) groups for social phobia. Within the group therapy literature, one putative mechanism of change is that of group cohesion (Yalom, 1995). However, the construct of group cohesion has deï ¬ ed ready operational deï ¬ nition, especially with more technique-driven interventions like CBT. For example, a broad deï ¬ nition proposed to explain group cohesion is ‘‘the resultant of all forces acting on all the members to remain in t he group’’ (Cartwright & Zander, 1962, p. 74) or, in simpler terms, how attractive a group is for the members who are in it (Frank, 1957). Yalom (1995) conceptualizes group cohesion as the ‘‘we-ness’’ that is felt amongst the group members. Groups with higher levels of cohesion are presumed to have a higher rate of attendance, participation, and mutual support, and to be likely to defend group standards much more. Further, Yalom (1995) believes that group cohesion is necessary for other group therapeutic factors to operate. Researchers studying this construct have also included concepts such as a sense of bonding, a sense of working towards mutual goals, mutual acceptance, support, identiï ¬ cation, and afï ¬ liation with the group (e.g., Marziali, Munroe-Blum, & McCleary, 1997). Clearly then, cohesion is purported to be a critical ingredient for change and therefore would be expected to predict symptomatic outcomes. Some researchers investigating the relationship between group cohesion and treatment outcome have found positive results. Although some of these studies have investigated other nonspeciï ¬ c therapeutic factors as well (i.e., the therapeutic alliance), the present discussion will focus on ï ¬ ndings related to group cohesion processes. Studies have found that group cohesion is related to pre-treatment levels of symptomatic distress, improved self-esteem and reduced symptomatoloty (e.g., Budman et al., 1989). A recent study by Tschuschke and Dies (1994) found that the level of group cohesion in the second half of a long-term psychoanalytic treatment for inpatients was signiï ¬ cantly correlated with treatment outcome and patients who made therapeutic gains reported a high level of group cohesion that began shortly after the ï ¬ rst few sessions. In contrast, unsuccessful patients did not experience a high level of group cohesion at any time. Overall, these studies suggest that group cohesion may play a role in facilitating therapeutic change, though negative ï ¬ ndings also exist (e.g., Gillasp y, Wright, Campbell, Stokes, & Adinoff, 2002; Lorentzen, Sexton, & Hà ¸glend, 2004; Marziali et al., 1997). In the CBT literature, researchers are increasingly paying attention to nonspeciï ¬ c therapeutic factors contributing to treatment outcome (e.g., Ilardi & Craighead, 1994; Kaufman, Rhode, Seeley, Clarke, & Stice, 2005). One of the ï ¬ rst studies in this area was conducted by Hand, Lamontagne, and Marks (1974) in treatment groups for individuals presenting with agoraphobia. They found that members of the group in which cohesion was speciï ¬ cally fostered demonstrated greater improvement up to 6 months after treatment as compared to members of a less cohesive group who demonstrated a greater likelihood of relapse (see also Teasdale, Walsh, Lancashire, & Matthews, 1977, for a replication of these effects, albeit with weaker results). Other ï ¬ ndings from the CBT treatment literature include greater group cohesion ratings predicting lower physical and psychological abuse at follow-up in abusive men (Taft, Murphy, King, Musser, & DeDeyn, 2003), higher levels of group cohesion being signiï ¬ cantly related to decreased post-treatment systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as improved post-treatment quality of life in cardiac patients (Andel, Erdman, Karsdorp, Appels, & Trijsburg, 2003). In addition, group cohesion ratings have been found to be associated with improvements on depressive symptoms at treatment midpoint, after controlling for initial depression level (Bieling, Perras, & Siotis, 2003). Overall, these studies indicate that group cohesion may play some role in facilitating change or enhancing long-term beneï ¬ ts in CBT-based treatments. Although it is not yet clear what factors are relevant for fostering group cohesion, certain disorders may present more challenges than others. For example, given that social phobia involves an intense fear of scrutiny from other people, these individuals may present with barriers to forming a collaborative alliance, such as poor social skills, extreme sensitivity to evaluations, or social avoidance (Woody & Adessky, 2002). Only one study thus far has examined the development of group cohesion and its relationship to outcome during a group CBT treatment of social phobia. Woody and Adessky (2002) treated individuals for social phobia in a group format using Heimberg’s (1991) protocol for group CBT for social phobia and had clients rate group cohesion using the Group Attitude Scale (GAS; Evans & Jarvis, 1986). The GAS measures the clients’ degree of attraction to the group. Measurements were conducted at three points during treatment (sessions 2, 5, and 9) and indicated that group cohesion remained static over time. They also found that the level of group cohesion clients reported was in no way related to outcome. It was suggested that the constructs and measurement of group process in cognitive-behavioral approaches might need to be further reï ¬ ned in order to more fully understand the degree to which group format and group process variables may add an important element to therapeutic outcome. It is important to note that the measure of group cohesion used by Woody and Adessky (2002) deï ¬ nes the construct unidimensionally. The GAS was designed to measure only attraction to group, deï ¬ ned as ‘‘an individual’s desire to identify with and be an accepted member of the group’’ (Evans & Jarvis, 1986, p. 204). Examples of items include: ‘ ‘I want to remain a member of this group,’’ ‘‘I feel involved in what is happening in my group,’’ and ‘‘In spite of individual differences, a feeling of unity exists in my group.’’ However, as discussed by Burlingame, Fuhriman, and Johnson (2002), elements of group cohesion may include both intrapersonal elements (e.g., group member’s sense of belonging and acceptance) as well as intragroup elements (e.g., attractiveness and compatibility felt among the group members). Therefore, by solely focusing on attraction to the group it is possible that the GAS fails to operationalize aspects of cohesion that are important for making therapeutic gains. The present study, therefore, examined the role of cohesion in group CBT for social phobia, using a measure that includes items that ostensibly assess a number of different constructs thought to be related to group cohesion. The Group Cohesion Scale-Revised (GCS-R), developed by Treadwell, Laverture, Kumar, and Veeraraghavan (2001), taps into several different aspects of group cohesion including: interaction and communication (including domination and subordination), member retention, decision-making, vulnerability among group members and consistency between group and individual goals. This self-report questionnaire has been shown to be both reliable and valid for detecting changes in group cohesiveness during the process of group development (Treadwell et al., 2001). Clients with a principal diagnosis of Social Phobia were treated and, based on the preceding literature, we explored: (1) group cohesion development during the course of the group and (2) the relationship of group cohesion to treatment outcome, broadly deï ¬ ned to include not only social phobia symptoms, but the overall experience of negative affect (e.g., general anxiety and depression) and functional impairment. We hypothesized that group cohesion would increase from the midpoint of treatment to the endpoint of treatment and that group cohesion ratings would be signiï ¬ cantly related to positive treatment outcome (i.e., symptom reduction). Method Participants There were a total of 34 outpatient individuals in this study. The average age of participants was 36 years (range 19–64 years; 19 female, 15 male). All individuals reported symptoms meeting criteria for a principal diagnosis (i.e., the diagnosis causing the most distress or impairment) of Social Phobia, as determined by the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—4th edition (SCID-IV; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2001). One individual also had symptoms meeting criteria for a co-principal primary diagnosis of Dyssomnia Not Otherwise Speciï ¬ ed. For 32 of the participants, the social phobia was generalized (i.e., occurring in most social situations), whereas for the other two participants, it was nongeneralized, occurring in several, but not most social situations. Of the 34 participants, 57% reported symptoms meeting criteria for one or more additional mood disorder (Major Depressive Disorder, 47%; Bipolar Disorder, 6%; Dysthymic Disorder, 3%), 62% had one or more additional anxiety disorder (Speciï ¬ c Phobia, 47%; Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 26%; Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, 21%; Panic Disorder, 12%; Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia, 9%), and 27% had one or more additional other diagnoses (Hypochondriasis, 6%; Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Speciï ¬ ed, 6%; Cannabis Dependence, 6%; Paraphilia Not Otherwise Speciï ¬ ed, 3%; Intermittent Explosive Disorder, 3%; Impulse Control Disorder Not Otherwise Speciï ¬ ed, 3%). The values for the anxiety disorders sum to greater than 100% as several participants had multiple anxiety disorders. Measures Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, 21-item version (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). This short form of the original 42-item DASS is a 21-item self-report measure designed to assess depression, anxiety and stress that an individual has experienced over the past week. Each scale consists of seven items and respondents indicate how much each statement applied to them over the past week on a four-point Likert scale. The Depression scale (DASS-21-D) measures dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, lack of interest/involvement, anhedonia, and inertia. The Anxiety scale (DASS-21-A) measures autonomic arousal, skeletal musculature effects, situational anxiety, and the subjective experience of anxiety affect. The Stress scale (DASS-21-S) measures difï ¬ culty relaxing, nervous arousal, and a tendency to become easily upset/ agitated, irritable/over-reactive, and impatient. Strong internal consistency with a clinical sample has been demonstrated with the DASS-21 (a’s ranging from .87 to .94), and the factor structure is well supported (Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998). Construct validity of the three scales has also been demonstrated (see Brown, Chorpita, Korotitsch, & Barlow, 1997). In the current sample, reliability was acceptable at pre-treatment for the Depression (a  ¼ :91), Anxiety (a  ¼ :87), and Stress (a  ¼ :87) scales. Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale (IIRS; Devins, 1994). The IIRS is a 13-item questionnaire that measures the extent to which a disease, its treatment, or both interfere with activities in 13 important domains considered essential to a positive quality of life. These domains include health, diet, work, active recreation (e.g., sports), passive recreation (e.g., reading), ï ¬ nances, relationship with partner, sexual and family relations, other social relations, self-expression/self-improvement, religious expression, and community and civic involvement. For each item, an individual rates the intrusiveness on a scale for 1–7 with higher scores indicating more intrusiveness. The IIRS has been shown to have good psychometric properties in both medically ill populations (Devins et al., 2001) and anxiety disorders groups (Antony, Roth, Swinson, Huta, & Devins; 1998; Bieling, Rowa, Antony, Summerfeldt, & Swinson, 2001). In the current sample, reliability was acceptable at pre-treatment (a  ¼ :87). Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN; Connor et al., 2000). The SPIN is a 17-item questionnaire designed to assess symptoms of social phobia. Each item measures the severity of a particular symptom during the past week, using a ï ¬ ve-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). It consists of three subscales: fear, avoidance, and physiological arousal. The SPIN has been shown to have good empirical support (Antony, Coons, McCabe, Ashbaugh, & Swinson, 2006; Connor et al., 2000) and enables the assessment of a wide range of social anxiety symptoms, making it an ideal measure for generalized social phobia. The total score measure of the SPIN has recently been shown to have excellent internal consistency for the total score for individuals meeting criteria for Social Phobia (with a  ¼ :92) and a combined sample of individuals meeting criteria for Social Phobia (Generalized Type), Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (with a  ¼ :95) (Antony et al., 2006; Connor et al., 2000). It has also been shown to have good test–retest reliability (r  ¼ :86, po:001), convergent and discriminant validity as well as being able to distinguish well between those with Social Phobia as opposed to Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The SPIN has also been shown to be sensitive to changes in the severity of social phobia following cognitive-behavior treatment (Antony et al., 2006). In the current sample, pre-treatment reliability was acceptable (a  ¼ :93). Group Cohesion Scale-Revised (GCS-R; Treadwell et al., 2001). The GCS-R is a 25-item questionnaire designed to assess group cohesion in terms of interaction and communication among group members (including domination and subordination), member retention, decision-making, vulnerability among group members, and consistency between group and individual goals. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). Examples of items include: ‘‘Group members usually feel free to share information,’’ ‘‘There are usually feelings of unity and togetherness among the group members,’’ and ‘‘Many members engage in ‘back-biting’ in this group.’’ This scale was recently revised (Treadwell et al., 2001) in order to modify one item, discard another item, and change the wording of the anchor points. In a validation study, internal consistency (as measured by Cronbach’s alpha) ranged from .48 to .89 on pre-test assessment and .77–.90 on post-test assessment (Treadwell et al., 2001). In the current sample, reliability was acceptable at both treatment midpoint (a  ¼ :84) and at treatment endpoint (a  ¼ :79), and the reliability of the change score was .56 (Williams & Zimmerman, 1996). Procedure All individuals completed a 10-session CBT treatment group for social phobia.1 Treatment administered was based on protocols described by Heimberg and Becker (2002) and Antony and Swinson (2000). The key components of therapy included: psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, in-session and between-session exposure exercises, as well as social skills training. Groups were run by two therapists and consisted of ï ¬ ve–eight patients per group. A total of 11 groups were included in the study. It should be noted that initially 76 individuals were enrolled in these 11 groups. However, of these 76 individuals, there were only 67 individuals from whom any measures were received at all (i.e., nine individuals did not return any data). In order to conduct the analyses that will be described below, it was possible to include only 34 of these 67 individuals. This was due to a need to have received both mid- and post-GCS measures as well as pretreatment outcome data. Therefore, the working sample that will be discussed in this study encompasses 34 individuals who completed the treatment as well as these various measures2. Participants completed the GCS questionnaire at the midtreatment session of each group (i.e., session 5) as well as during the last session of each group. Questionnaires assessing symptom severity (i.e., the DASS-21, IIRS a nd SPIN) were completed prior to the beginning of group treatment as well as during the last session of each group. Data analysis Multilevel regression analyses (i.e., generalized mixed modeling) using the software program HLM 6 (Raudenbush, Bryk, Cheong, & Congdon, 2004) were conducted. We used this approach because it allowed us to assess and control for nonindependence of data that might arise from being nested into treatment groups (Hedeker, Gibbons, & Flay, 1994; Herzog et al., 2002). Another advantage of HLM was that it can accommodate unequal group sizes and employs maximum likelihood estimation instead of least squares. Before examining change over time in the outcome variables and GCS, intraclass correlations (ICCs) were estimated to examine the interdependence of data due to nesting (see Herzog et al., 2002). The intraclass correlation depicts how much variance in the outcome variable is due to within-subjects, between-subjects, and between-groups variance. Results For each analysis, items were included from each scale for each individual, unless 20% or more of data were missing. Missing values for a particular scale item were replaced by calculating the mean value for that scale item and using this mean value in place of the missing value. Outcome measures A series of three-level regression models were evaluated to examine change over time in the outcome variables. Level 1 consisted of repeated measures (i.e., two assessment occasions) that were nested within 1 Two groups completed 12-session CBT treatment groups and one group completed a 9-session treatment group. The use of a multilevel regression approach (i.e., HLM) allowed us to examine whether or not number of sessions per group affected any of the relationships reported. Results indicated that number of sessions did not moderate any of the results reported in the paper. 2 These treatment groups were not conducted as part of a formal treatment outcome study, which accounts for the number of patients who failed to return their post-treatment questionnaires. Therefore, the individuals who completed both pre-treatment and post-treatment measures provide a naturalistic and ecologically valid cross section of moderate to severe social phobia patients typically seen in an acute outpatient clinic, presenting with anxiety disorders and related problems.

Exercises Essay

I think it is an appropriate metaphor. Brain has the faculty of talking, laughing, crying, thinking and so forth. Without brain, human cannot exist. In the similar way, engine performs all the functions in the vehicle. The car is consisted of more than 20,000 parts. Even though it is not small number, it is nothing when it compared to the human neuron system. Anyway, neuron system is controlled by brain, of course, car parts are controlled by engine. Therefore, when there is a little bit damage at any part of the brain, specific features cannot be operated. It is the same story about the vehicle. There are four evidences. First, if placing an object in the sprit brain patient’s hand, left-right asymmetry observed. Second, when showing an image in the sprit brain patient’s visual field, the asymmetry is observed. Third, dichotic listening test shows language is lateralized. Left hemisphere is superior for linguistic stimuli such as syllable however right hemisphere is superior for nonverbal stimuli such as environmental sounds. Finally, the corpus callosum makes the two halves become two different mental spheres. The answer is NO. The evidence is provided by the patterns of neuronal activity in people reading different kinds of writing. For instance, Japanese language has two systems of writing. One is kana which is based on the sound system of the language. The other system, kanji, is not based on that system. Japanese with left hemisphere damage are impaired in their ability to read kana, while people with right hemisphere damage are impaired in their ability to read kanji. Plus, experiments suggest that the right hemisphere is better and faster than the left hemisphere at reading kanji, and vice versa.

Islam Afterlife Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islam Afterlife - Essay Example Muslims who has followed the teachings of Islam will go to Heaven which is a perfect secure place for rest and peace. And people who has not followed the Islam and ignored Allah’s teachings will be sent to Hell as punishment. From the teachings of our beloved Holy Prophet (SAW), it becomes clear that after the end of an individual in fact take him/her to be lifeless, but that person remains alive. Life after death is entirely dissimilar from this life. The interval between death and Day of Judgment is called ‘Barzakh’. Imam Bukhari reported that Hazrat Aiesha (R.A) said that the Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H) said: â€Å"Destroyed is the one who has his account settled on the Day of Judgment†, Aiesha (R.A) said: â€Å"O Messenger of Allah, didn’t Allah says: â€Å"Then He who give his records in his right hand soon will his account be taken by easy reckoning†. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) replied: â€Å"This is the skimming through the deeds; and destr oyed is the one who has his account settled on the Day of Judgment.† After this worldly life, every person will be equal before Allah. No any king will be superior than his slave; a slave also can be a king by doing good deeds or by follow Islam sincerely. And a king can remain a king if he is kind and helpful to his people. In the graveyard when an individual is buried, two Angels will be sent by Allah in the graveyard. One angel will be ‘Munkir’ and the other will be ‘Nakir’. There are some specific questions according to the meaning of Ayaat of Quran-e-Pak which will be asked by angel. Questions will be â€Å"What do you know about the messenger (prophet P.B.U.H) of Allah†? â€Å"Who is your Lord†? Than they will ask over that â€Å"What is your religion†? And â€Å"Who is your Prophet†? The dead body will reply all their questions. If the dead body will be a Muslim, he/she will be gifted. And if he/she is a non-Muslim h e will be punished by answering incorrect. Angles will send his/her soul according to his deeds, if he will be a good man he will be sent in heaven, otherwise thrown in hell. This world is a great test world for all human beings. A good person will be in heaven and a bad person will be thrown into hell. Hell is a place where Allah keeps their bad human beings. There is a big reward hereafter, alike punishment is also brutal. Hell is a big space in which millions of peoples can be punished at once. Hell is full of fire which is fanned for millions of years. Fire is fanned till the Day of Judgment. All the persons with sins will be thrown into it and will be punished till his punishment ends. All the doors of forgiveness will be closed on the Day of Judgment. No one can be escaped. It will be on the sky, how could anyone one be escaped. All the things will be done according to the order of Allah. Paradise (Jannah) is the place made for those people who are beloved to Allah through the ir actions. Such bounties are there which nobody can imagine, no mind can perceive, no ears had ever heard. People in Jannah will spend their time with full joy and peace. Their every will be come true which was unaccepted on earth. Heaven is a beautiful, calm and secure place which will be full of beautiful hurs (fair, beautiful females) wearing fine silk gowns with wide lovely eyes. Milk streams will float everywhere. No sense of fatigue will touch there. People will be never asked to leave from there.

Human resource Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Human resource - Assignment Example n as one of the aims of affirmative action is to attain workforce diversity and by hiring people from the minority groups and those who belong to the protected class, employers attain workforce diversity. This means that work force diversity and affirmative action work hand in hand. 2. A friend of mine was working in a pharmaceutical company as a human resource development senior executive. She was in the same position for 2 consecutive years and it was high time to promote her to the assistant manager’s position. The reason behind this was that her line manager was asking for sexual favors in return of promotion but she never agreed to it. This kind of sexual harassment is regarded as Quid Pro Quo sexual harassment. James another friend of mine was working in the marketing department of a fashion designing organization. He was the only male working in the department and the rest of the employees were females who used call him by illicit names and used to bully him, due to this he was so mentally disturbed that he used be unable to perform his tasks. This kind of sexual harassment is regarded as Hostile environment sexual

Gender studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender studies - Essay Example However, the concept of gender and masculinity is not actually as simple as it may seem, because, in reality, gender has different meanings to different people (Phillips), as well as masculinity. Gender, Social Practice, and Masculinity. Connell in his book entitled Masculinities views the individual "gender as a structure of social practice" (72). This assertion clearly contradicts to the consideration that gender is formed out of biological reproduction. To Connell, gender exists due mainly to the incapacity of biology in determining the social. Hence, the relationship of genders is one thing that structures the society, and that gender is being developed through an individuals daily undertakings in the society. The construction of gender begins at the time a mother gives birth to her child. Once the baby comes out her womb, the gender of the child is identified based on the genitalia. Babies are clothed in a manner that will represent their gender so that no further questions can be asked in regard to it after knowing their gender. Hence, a sex category transforms into a gender status by the process of giving names, or of dressing (Lorber). Now, there is a form of division once the child knows that he/she is a male or a female because the society dictates that males are different from females and that no gender can be in opposite (homosexual) or both (bisexual) based on the individual humane body features. All these things enable the so called social construction of gender. How does the social construction of gender affect masculinity? Based on Connells approach to identifying gender, masculinity has nothing to do with all things biologically. People have created their own version of what masculinity should mean, and they have succeeded. Because in todays world, talking about masculinity means talking about man alone, and

Analysis of the Reptile Garden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of the Reptile Garden - Essay Example When viewed in retrospect, it becomes evident that the incident of Anais getting locked in the garden room was of central importance to the development of her character, and to the different events that befell her later in her life. Although she denies this towards the end of the story, her ingestion of the drug and getting locked in the garden room was a transition point in he life. The most intriguing feature of this episode is the appearances of reptiles, followed by amphibians, that led to Anais getting scared and crying. Since the title of the story is also related to this garden room full of reptiles, this episode is of central importance to the story, so it would be discussed first. There could be several interpretations of this incident. The focus on the appearance of reptiles, with a subsequent transition to amphibians could denote the process of evolution from one species to the next, higher level of species. The writer could have used this approach to make an analogy for t he development and evolution of the Anais’ personality and character. This could be a way of depicting her growth as a person, and her development into the individual that she was meant to be. So she came out of that room a changed and evolved person, who was now had different aims and a different approach to life. Another explanation could simply be that Anais got terrified and disturbed due to her experience in the garden room; her loneliness, her exposure to animals, insects and other reptiles, her unhealthy condition due to the ingestion of the acid that was given to her by her cousin, and her sheer sadness that led her to weep alone in the room. Being subjected to such adverse experiences, she came out of that room a terrified and weak person, who was paranoid and always scared for her safety, since she â€Å"couldn’t stop shaking at the slightest unexpected movement† (Erdrich). This deterioration of her personality could have been the reason for her extrem e attachment to Nonette later, and even made her wonder why she got so weak when her parent’s love for her was so strong (Erdrich). A third interpretation of the episode could be that the incident broke her free from her habits, her compulsive attitude_ the evidence of which comes from her uncontrolled habit of cleaning the bathroom, even at midnight_ and the self-absorbing shell that she had encased herself into to keep the world at bay; and led her to experience new activities and desires that she had perhaps not allowed herself to experience before. It made her more reckless and carefree, and more spirited to live life in a manner different from what she was accustomed to and had been trained for. Perhaps the best explanation is the combination of the former two. It is evident that she was frightened by her experience in the garden room. Considering the emphasis placed on the appearances of the different animals, and the writer’s special mention of the appearance of first reptiles and then amphibians, it can be deduced that the Anais, after emerging from the room, had evolved into a scared, weak, and overall different person from a focused, stable individual who went into the room. The next intriguing event is Anais’ statement about Nonette, when she muses â€Å"

Parkinsons Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Parkinsons Disease - Essay Example According to the essay "Parkinson’s disease" findings, usually the patient experience â€Å"resting† tremor. The tremor, however, may disappear when the patient moves voluntarily and when he sleeps. Other symptoms include rigidity of cogwheel type which is due to stiffness and increased muscle tone (Miller & Stein 2000). What happens with rigidity is that the signal coming from the brain is disturbed thus the muscle remains tensed and contracted. As a result, the patient may feel pain when he moves. The muscle also becomes weak because the opposing muscle is relaxed with the same altered brain signal. The patient may also experience bradykinesia characterized by slow automatic movement (Stein & Miller 2000). The movement could be unpredictable. At one time the movement is easy but other times it could be difficult needing assistance. This makes the simple activity like dressing or washing takes time for a patient. Stooped posture is also evident with Parkinson patients characterized by leaning forward and backward. Having this kind of instability may lead to impaired balance and coordination which might cause fall or bumps. As the disease progresses, the patient may also develop shuffling propulsive gait. He may also have the relaxed arm swinging while walking with the bent trunk. Thus a Parkinson patient is said to resemble a car without a break (Hladysz n. d). All of the syndrome effects is a result of the overstimulation of the postural muscle of the neck trunk, and upper limbs.

What is the globalization and impact of drug trafficking Research Paper

What is the globalization and impact of drug trafficking - Research Paper Example e international consumption increasing greatly, the people engaged in the administration have also participated in this trade forgetting about the negative impacts it imparts on the general population and hampering the future. Although in the recent years genuine efforts have been given on reducing the drug trafficking by focusing on the supply side, demand side in this paper is highlighted as a more important dimension for attaining solutions. Intensification of the term ‘globalization’ is indeed a dominant phenomenon unleashing its practicability in diversified gesture from the second half of the twentieth century to the instance we are standing today1. Technically speaking, theme of globalization encompasses around the notion that, nation states are intertwined with information exchange along with amalgamating culture, religion, tradition, business practices and so on2. Now within the domain of business perspective globalization among its multifarious dimensions imparts a significant part. Globalization has brought many opportunities but at the same time has imposed a lot of critical challenges and adverse effects. Drug trafficking is one such arena where the adverse effects of globalization has made its full interventions. Rational individuals are required to be bestowed with tasks of analyzing, understanding as well as harnessing the benefits for eliminating the negative consequences that come with it. Th e paper will be discussing the negative impacts of globalization with respect to drug trafficking (special emphasis on Latin American countries) with an attempt to find out potential solution to curb down its evil effects. From theoretical perspectives globalization can be visualized as a platform where the private organizations are operating in a global forefront with a disciplined behavior with equilibrium occurring at the intersecting point of demand and supply curves. Similarly it can be stated that the market of illicit drugs and its trafficking

The Real World of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

The Real World of Management - Essay Example The document begins with an introduction and then discusses three cases which managers are facing in organization in this era and also how to manage them. This study focuses on the effect f the quality of life of managers on their performance, the downsizing of organizations and its effects on the envoy as well as the leaving party. The document finally analyses the effect on technology and communication in the work place. The recent past has seen the introduction of unprecedented economic change. The Euro crisis, the banking crisis austerity, the rising commodity and energy prices have made life not quite easy for the vast majority. These factors have made life quite hard for those in positions of making major decisions that affect businesses and those involved in the running of these businesses. Research has been done on the managers’ quality of life since the year 1997 (Worral and Cooper, 1997). The latest report (Worral and Cooper, 2012) made for grim reading especially after being compared with earlier findings in the 2007 study (Worral and Cooper, 2007) which was taken just before the popular banking crisis that took place in the year 2007/2008. At this point kit became very clear that there were many managers who were working in businesses that were undergoing hardships. There was an increase from 21% to 34 % of the number of these managers. The businesses were either suffering from declining employee job satisfaction and motivation, growth in job insecurity, work place ill-health, and the increase in long-hours working culture. Based on research conducted since 1997, several managerial dimensions were identified. I believe that all organizations that have a desire to audit their own performance as far as efficient management practices are concerned. Managers should focus on the following: In a report generated in the year 2012, it was concluded

Skoda Business Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Skoda Business Strategy - Case Study Example The market picked up and so did profits. For the first time in Skoda history, the company had a wait list of customers in UK. The company registered continuing and ongoing growth in profits for the fifth year in a row. The Auto industry in the world has been going through an excessive change in performance and growth. In the last decade, the rise of China and Asia as manufacturing hubs changed the course of the auto industry in the world. The market in China and India, seem to be picking up and the Chinese market which has only 2% of its population holding four wheelers is already the size of the Japanese market. This makes it an highly probable growth market in the future (Jianxi Luo 2005). With many of the European and American car manufacturers finding their market dwindling and having surplus capacities have been reducing their manpower. They need to look at fresh and growing markets like that of China and Asia. With only a few players controlling the car market of the world, players like Skoda who has been gaining ground in Europe and in Asia need to be watched. The rising market for Skoda and the increasing profitability of the company makes it a company worthy of analysis (Tulder RV & Ruigr ok W Jun1997). Beating some of the seeded players in the European market is no easy task. But Skoda could do that successfully and looks forward to a major break in the profitability of the company in the current year. All this makes the company, the one that needs analysis of their policies and their strategies. This paper aims at analysing the company and its marketing strategy that has led it to the success that it is now facing. 4. Strategies of the Company Skoda was formed in the year 1894 in Czechoslovakia with the aim of making bicycles. Subsequently, they moved into manufacturing motor cycles and later cars, trucks and buses. During the early twentieth century, the company started producing agricultural and other farm equipments for the east European market. By now the cars of the company found their way to the markets in the Western Europe and there was quite some market for them in UK. But the UK market always had a joke about Skoda particularly the appearance of Skoda. Skoda did make inroads into the West European market and in America because of its ruggedness and reliability. Though technologically poor, the engine under its hood was powerful enough to keep running even in the worst conditions. That made the machine one of the most reliable ones in the market at that time. This saw the population of Skoda increasing in UK. After World War II, Skoda tied up with Volkswagen for technical collaboration. VW invested in the company and ensured that the basic design of the Skoda remained in the early days but soon replaced by the Volkswagen Design since the technology adopted by VW as superior. This brought another marketing strategy that had to break through the already crowded market in Western Europe and in USA as much as in the rest of the world (William Kimberley Jun 2001). The perception of Skoda as an ugly duckling was slowly changing but still persisted. 'Oh! It's a Skoda'. But then it was as usual thought to be efficient and reliable. Skoda now had to make use of some bold advertising and marketing strategy

Effective Social Work Approaches

Effective Social Work Approaches To practice without a theory is to sail an uncharted sea; theory without practice is not to set sail at all Susser 1968 cited in Lishman, 2005 pg 87. Therefore, this essay uses the task centred approach and the solution focused therapy to explain what is happening in the Banks family and how it affects Mark. It will predict Marks future behaviour and it will suggest a plan of actions for intervention in order to make a difference in Marks life. The problems identified in the banks family are; Marks bullying behaviours, both at school and at home, his failure to form relationships with his counterparts, and lack of progress in his education. The essay will discuss the similarities and differences in the identified theories. It will also investigate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the theories. At the same time, the essay will explain how the concept of the anti discriminatory practice can be employed to underpin the interventions whilst using the identified theories. Theoretically, Social work is influenced by the relationship between theory and practice from different perspectives in meeting the clients unique needs in a desired situation and at a particular period of time (Coulshed, 1988). Again, applying theory to practice involves different schools of thought whereas practitioner-client relationship maybe a difficult subject (Taylor and Devine, 1993). However the mandate here is to explain two major theories or approaches but highlights on a third is necessary. Firstly, Solution focused approach developed by Ericksons (1963) and De Shazer (1972) at the therapy centre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The theory is regarded as a positive solution building approach focusing on the client. Clearly the aim is to explore the principles of anti-oppressive practice and involving the client in finding a solution to their problems. This approach does not focus on the past but what is happening in the present and future. It is focusing on two important issues, supporting clients to preferably explore their own future and taking into consideration when, where, with whom and how is it all happening to reach the desired outcomes in a shortest route. The features of solution based approach is to keep the client at the centre of their activity and encouraging them to bring about problems that need attention, furthermore, move from the problems to make slight changes in their behaviour and make some improvements. Nevertheless, it is assumed that clients feel part of their problems. The key concept of this approach is that focus is based upon the here and know with positive thinking and avoiding pre-judgmental. Above all solution based approach has no time limit as it tries to move from the centre to where clients can feel happier by reducing the problems step by step. In another of school of thought, task-centred approach has been considered as a structured way of working with clients in a time limit framework. The most important part of the task-centred approach is partnership and empowerment; this involves two or more people working with a common purpose. Moreover, this theory builds on clients strength and avoids talking about their faults by providing the necessary help they need. According to coulshed (1988), those trying to bring about models for ethnic-sensitive practice favour task-centred approach that promotes anti-oppressive practice (Doel and marsh, 1992). Task centred is unique in that it breaks down the problems into small manageable components, it involves the social worker and the service user identifying the main problem(s) and then working out how to reformulate them in to easily manageable tasks. After the tasks have been agreed the next step is to divided them between the social work and the service user and then decide who is going to work on which task and over what period of time. Using this approach the social worker and service user look very closely at the presenting problem(s) and reformulating them into a range of small practical tasks. The task centred approach fits together well with anti discriminatory practice because it encourages the social worker to do what they do best by bring their expertise into the relationship and work alongside the service user. Okitikpi et al, (2010) argues that the core aspects of the task centered approach that include working with partnership, collaboration, service users strengths, building on confidence, systematic and responsive communication are the same core elements that characterise ADP. Task-centred approach is seen to be effective with interpersonal concerns like those of mark. (Ramos and Tolson 2008 cited in Hepworth 2010 pg 379) Says that this theory is, incompatible with mandated clients who refuse help or are unable to identify changes that they wish to change. By direct contrast, the third approach, Attachment theory by Bowlby (1973) which grew out of rejection of some aspects of psychoanalysis and childhood raring with no separation could have been used but it is not relevant in this case study. Examining the influence of the task-centre approach and the solution-focused therapy, there are similarities and differences which have to be highlighted. Firstly, the case scenario of the Banks family clearly indicates that there need to be an intervention process by using the task-centred approach or solution-focused approach. Ride and Epstein (1972) hypothesised on the task-centred approach as effective and more durable. Time-limit on the approach shows that changes could occur rapidly as all participants are motivated (Maslow, 1943). This involves eight areas of concern among which Behavioural problems, reactive emotional distress and difficulty in role performance are selected target problem areas. However, there are steps to be taken in task-centred approach: The first step is problem exploration, Agreement; second step is, formulating an objective, achieving the task(s), and finally terminations stage. To start with there were behavioural problems identified in the case of Mar k, like yelling, fighting and disruptive. But as required the focus here is to move from what is wrong to what is needed to be done. Similar to the task centred approach is the solution focused approach; it is action oriented and uses a number of strategic questions to find out the solution to a series of problems that the client has. (Trepper et al 2006) cited in Hepworth (2010. Pg. 356). When using TCA with minors like Mark, the tasks involved in this are that there is need to work with the parents and teachers in a collaborative and anti-oppressive way to solve the problems, discuss basic care needs interest in how to help Mark to do his work in class, and work on his tantrums and arguments, discuss with parents how to get Mark to interact with other children and make arrangements for Mark to visit his father in order to came him down. (Enos 2008) cited in Hepworth (2010. Pg. 357) argues that lack of mandated contact from a family member can cause fear, a sense of failure, concer ns about status and use the attitudinal weapons at their disposal may react with anger and a minimum refuse to cooperate. Marks parents need to reduce his inappropriate behaviour by developing skills to improve parent-child relationships for instance, listening and negotiating skills, teach Mark skills of approaching others, how to introduce himself, interact with others by engaging in conversations. In evaluating the two approaches in the scenario there are advantages and disadvantages. In the solution-focused therapy, Mark is the focus and his self esteem is promoted. The problem is the primary concern not the client. SFA offers a positive approach working with the service users. The emphasis of engaging the service user to talk about solutions not just problems is an empowering method. The commitment to service users empowerment, a focus on strengths and service users capacities towards improving their situations and reaching solutions is a significant contribution. In contrast, there is negative focus and there will be problem as poor communication skills will lead to poor practice by social workers. Some aspects of the SFA have been criticised for being directive in nature in particular the assessing of tasks and the emphasis on solutions. Research conducted by the family therapist using the approach revealed discrepancies between the clients experiences and the observations made by their therapists related to the outcomes, (Metcalf et al 1996) (Cited in Hepworth 2010 pg.406). Storm (1991) and Lipchik (1997) cited in Hepworth 2010 pg. 406) maintain as a result of their work the primary focus on adherence to solution was embarrassing to some clients. The positive trust of the approach prevents the service user from discussing their real problems and to avoid talking about their concerns. In the task-centred approach, the problem is the main concern not Mark. He is empowered, considering his self esteem and independence. The approach is short termed and time-limited. In contrast, there is lack of motivation in this approach, the underlying problem has not been addressed, there is tendency that social workers might force Mark through coaching as to complete tasks. Payne (1997) cited in Wilson et al (2008 pg371) suggests task centred approach may not be effective in situations where there are constant difficulties, where long-term psychological problems are the main issues or where users do not accept the right of the social worker or the agency to be involved. Reflecting in this case scenario it is seen that Ken comes from a dysfunctional family which made him spend most of his teenage life in the care of the local authority and this may have affected him psychologically and he may not want to cooperate with the social worker in order to make the approach effective. Doel and Marsh (1992) suggest the service users ability to think and reason is a key ingredient to the success of the approach. In those cases where social work is appropriate but where the reasoning is impaired such as people with considerable learning difficulties or great degree of confusion, task-centred work is often not possible in direct work with that person, (Doel and Marsh 1942 cited in Wilson et al 2008 pg 99). However in the case scenario all the family members are in sound mental state so the approach is suitable. A further disadvantage of task-centred is that where a wide range of problems is experienced, each of which interacts with other problems which threaten to over whelm the family the approach seems rather a weak response. It is argued that unless one is able to deal with problems on many fronts, the combination of these problems will continue to undermine the functioning of family members. For example if one family member has the capacity to reason, but when other members of the family are not prepared to engage in the same process and consistently undermine the efforts of the social worker and service user, the approach may not achieve much. In relation to the case scenario the approach will not be effective if Mark who has multiple problems refuses to cooperate. In conclusion effective social work practice is based on principles and the application of theories or approaches give to different explanations and lead to different practice (Howe, 1987). According to research in to service-users views of social work practice has highlighted that effective practice depends on the combination of good interpersonal skills and clear, organised practice. It is argued that when social work activities are clearly focused, problems clearly identified and specified goals set with service users, then studies produce positive results. This essay has looked at two approaches and how they can be used by a social worker to help engage the Banks family in order to get the necessary support to improve Marks behaviour problems.

Promoting A Healthy Environment For Children Education Essay

Promoting A Healthy Environment For Children Education Essay The proportion of children living in poverty grew from 1 in 10 in 1979 to 1 in 3 in 1998. 30% of children live in poverty in the UK The UK has one of the worse rates of child poverty in the industrialized world Source: www.endchildpoverty.org.uk June 2007 The majority of sleep experts advise parents to abruptly withdraw their attention at bedtime-with no mention of teaching a child self-soothing skills. But many parents are looking for help after having shared their bed or assisted their child to fall asleep for months or even years. When children are abruptly expected to fall asleep without any assistance it sets the scene for the all too familiar nightly bedtime battle. If parents consistently ignore their childrens anguished pleas for attention, after weeks of tears and tantrums, children will eventually begin to fall asleep on their own. But in the same amount of time, parents could have avoided the battles-by teaching their children to relax themselves to sleep while gradually and systematically decreasing their attention. Routine helps establish many aspects of healthy living good ways of life and good behaviour. Even the smallest structure is necessary in day-to-day life. Children want and even need routine and there are lots of ways to get them going byestablishing a schedule that works for al the family. There are so many positive side effects for starting to use strong routines for children. Children do not have a lot of control in their lives and it gives them a sense of organization, steadiness and comfort. This helps develop healthier behaviour and a sense of personal control. Doing things like bathing and brushing teeth as part of morning or nighttime routines can help establish good personal hygiene and health habits. Having built in chore time somewhere in the week or day, having them help pick up at the end of dinner or tidy up the house at the end of a day of playing establishes responsibility and work ethic. Mealtime When it is time to eat it is a perfect time to start good habits. Eating habits, particularly. Always eat breakfast, Lunch and tea, but at set times and with structure for children so there are no surprises and the length between eating isnt so great that hunger takes over the family. That can lead to irritability or impulse snacking and dinner wrecking. Set standards for when snacking can take place and what kinds of foods are eaten. Dont indulge or give in for food whenever a child wants something. The results should always be equal good eating and good eating habits. Mealtimes are a good time to instil family into the children. Always try to find some time to sit down together, preferably at a table, to talk and eat. Also, have children help get dinner started, set the table and clean up afterward to plant a bit of responsibility. A1 My role as an Early Years Practitioner would be to assist with the promotion of health and well-being of children and help maintain a healthy environment for children. I may be responsible for organising a room and making sure that policies and procedures are being followed and recorded. I would have to cater for their needs as young children; developmentally, physically and socially. This would be ensure that I am promoting and maintaining a healthy environment for all children. It is also important that you learn by experiencing and learning from the experiences of others. In my role I would have to plan and provide a caring and stimulating environment that is appropriate for individual children and enables children to reach their full potential and to work within the Children Act and local guidelines, legislation and standards and ensure that Child Protection policies and procedures are adhered to at all times. I would have to plan and prepare exciting play opportunities that meet the childrens developmental needs and stimulates their learning. I would also participate in supervision and staff development processes in support of promoting and maintaining a healthy lifestyle and environment and to undertake training as appropriate to meet any changes in standards or appropriate legal requirements as required. In reviewing and reflection of any issues is an important aspect of a practitioner and to review where, why, how, when, etc. The reflective cycle as developed by Gibbs allows you to think about what you have done, how well it went, get feedback from others and consider alternatives. The reflective cycle is broken down into 6 units 1. Description -what happened 2. Feelings 3. Evaluation Analysis conclusion and finally Action plan what will you do next time. The practitioner should also evaluate their own learning and performance. This can be done through Professional development and discussions with the line manager and other practitioners. For example: Share examples of your practice discuss Get ideas of other practices Visit other practices and observe, discuss. Make sure you keep up to date with current practices Articles in magazines, books, training, etc In house or external training Additional qualifications, etc Observe children / observe other practitioners Planning Childs next steps Try new things Trial and error is also an important reflection and to review how things happen. But in all cases, the safety of children is paramount. Experience is the most important issue and to understand that as an new trainee or new nursery nurse, you dont know everything. That you learn by experiencing and learning from the experiences of others. I would also have to keep in touch with new initiatives that are promoted and keep on top of new legislation.

The Potentials and Pitfalls of Interfaith Marriages :: Essays Papers

The Potentials and Pitfalls of Interfaith Marriages As more Americans enter the cultural melting pot and cross ethnic and social barriers, the rate of interfaith marriages has increased, not because persons are less committed to their faith traditions, but because there is a new reality in which old barriers are breaking down. In the western hemisphere the issue of interfaith marriage is widely debated among all religious traditions. Many conservative denominations believe that, "A believer marrying or intending to marry an unbeliever is clearly going against the expressed commandment of God" (J.J. Lim) . Other religious denominations view intermarriages as, "The unity within diversity that adds a richness and beauty to marriage and to life" (Rev. Tom Chulak) . Regardless of one's religious denomination, a person's religion comprises the framework of meaning and the source of his or her values. When two people marry they bring with them their strengths and weaknesses, hopes and fears, and their religious dimension that plays a signifi cant role in their relationship, decisions and responses to each other. For this reason, many issues and challenges arise within interfaith marriages that require accommodations by each person including how the couple will deal with their religious difference, what religion they will teach to their children, and how their respective religious communities will respond to interfaith marriages. No two couples manage the adjustments that need to be made within an interfaith marriage in the same way. This is because there is no standard or typical Christian, Hindu, Buddhist or Muslim. Their knowledge, commitment, practice and attachment to the respective religious traditions, and their knowledge of, attitude and affinity toward the religious tradition of their spouses are so different that no two couples have the same experience. There are a number of factors that influence the rate of persons marrying outside of their religion, which are pertinent to all denominations and religions. The number of eligible marriage partners who are of the same faith group is limited and therefore it is more likely for individuals to look outside of their faith group for a spouse. Increasing enrollment at colleges and universities puts more young people of different faiths away from home and into social contact. Movement from ethnic neighborhoods into the more heterogeneous suburbs lowers barriers to interfaith dating. As secular influences gain strength and church attendance rates fall, young people are being increasingly raised in homes that have little religious commitment, which has been shown to increase the rate of interfaith marriages.

Coeducation at Haverford :: School Papers

Haverford College did not begin as the institution that it is today. A group of concerned Quakers constructed the secondary school on the premise that it would provide a fine education for Quaker young men. On its founding day in 1833, the Haverford School's notion of a "liberal and guarded education for Quaker boys" became a reality. Jumping forward in time to 1870, a decisive change was on the horizon: the faculty and students had voted to go coed. However, the Board of Managers did not concede and Haverford remained single sex for over a century after the students and faculty had spoken. It wasn't until 1980 that a freshmen class comprised of both men and women entered Haverford. Yet it is the decade prior to 1980 that is the topic of this paper. The series of about 10 years before a Haverford female student would unpack her belongings in her room to settle down for four years of an intense and demanding education, both in and out of the classroom, was a time of much reevaluation and consideration on the part of the students, administration, and faculty. The 70's were vibrant and passionate years in the context of the debate over coeducation as students, faculty, and administrators voiced their opinions often in Haverford and Bryn Mawr's weekly newspaper, The News, forums, interviews, formal discussions, reports, and Collections (school wide meetings) on both Bryn Mawr's and Haverford's campus. The essence of the coeducational debate fell between two camps. One side argued that continued cooperation with Bryn Mawr was the best choice for both schools. The other said that it was time for Haverford to prevent its identity from merging with Bryn Mawr's and to step out on its own as a coed institution. The battle lines were drawn and the debate continued with zeal for most of the decade. Economics played an important role in the debate. Haverford's President John Coleman saw that Haverford's financial state was in jeopardy if it did not expand in size. He also saw that by prohibiting 50% of the population in an expansion would decrease the caliber of students at Haverford. Bryn Mawr's president Wofford felt passionately that the fate of Bryn Mawr rested on the decision of Haverford. His concerns were exacerbated by the seemingly coercive patterns Haverford's Board of Managers set by claiming to let the issue of coeducation rest but then by addressing the possibility again each year.

Speech Outline

Thesis Statement: If people knew the beneficial effects of music it may help them succeed. Body: I. How does listening to music help you succeed? A. Depending on the type of music you listen to it could help improve your moo d. It can bring a â€Å"more positive mind set', which helps with the reduction of stress, which essentially can improve your I immune system. Transition: How music can decrease stress â€Å"Listening to music can have a tremendously relaxing effect on our minds and bodies†¦Music can have a beneficial effect on our physiological functions, slowing the pulse and heart rate, lower Eng blood pressure, and decreasing the levels of stress hormones. † according to Psych Central. B. It is said that classical music is what you should listen to but researchers say t at you can listen to any music for a stress reliever. â€Å"We think the pleasant State that can be induced by music leads to special pH histological changes which eventually lead to stress reduc tion or direct immune enhancement. Said Dry. Irony En, Dry. En lead recent research about music's effect on the immune system. I. So, if you're feeling stressed listen to your favorite music. Transition: Reducing stress will help you from getting sick. L. Stress hormones are likely to leave the body and Mucilaginous A is increase De when listening to music A. â€Å"Scientists found that after volunteers had listened to just 50 minutes of uplift Eng dance music, the levels of antibodies in their bodies increased.They also found that stress hormone levels, which c an weaken the immune system, decreased after being exposed to the music. The scientists tested 300 people, asking the m to listen to the dance music or to a random collection of tones. † Transition: Music will help you remember stuff. Music can help you remember important things, and help you study for a test It has been said, â€Å"Research has shown that music with a strong beat can stir elate brain waves to resona te in sync with the beat, with faster beats bringing sharper concentration and more alert thin inning†.II. At the University of California at Irvine researchers had students study for a et SST without listening to music and then take the test. Then had students study for another test while listening to music c, they then took the test the second time. The outcome was that when the students listened to music the test scores we re higher from when they studied without music. After this study they began to name this the â€Å"Mozart Effect†. Psych Cent trial. Conclusion: People should listen to music if they are feeling sick, stressed out, or want to f Ochs on something.

Priorless tale

prioress Tale and Christian Anti-Semitic In the story Prioress Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer had some shipway where it was anti- semitic. The Catholic Church had a abhorrence of Jews. Jews did not believe Jesus was their savior. Christians despised and unsaved Jews for the shoemakers last of Jesus handicraft them Satans agents. The boy is little, green, sore etc. The Villains are abominationd, a wasps nest of satan who conspire to writ of execution the little boy (3).The school where the young boy had gone to was described as a good kid taught young children how o pray and praise Mary the suffer of Jesus. O mother maid, O maiden over mother free O crotch hair unburnt, burning in Moses sight, that ravishedest d protest from the theology. Conceivd was the Fathers Sapience (7). The Jews were killed as a penalty for the death of a young boy with no proof that they were the ones intricate in this crime. The Prioress Tale and Christian anti-Semitism both show how furthest a p erson will go to torment others to invent to be an militant of god.Christians had set up heir own policy in the name of god but there was no analogy to Jesus because Jesus represents of love and forgiveness. During the position ages the tale reflects anti-Semitic in unlike ways. The Christians had blamed the Jews responsible for Jesus death. The church building had discussions about how the Christians should not affiliate themselves with whatever Jewish people. Jews were not allowed to do a lot of things such as were not allowed to buy any property from the Christians. Jews were criminate of a lot of things but they wasnt stock-still involved with.For this reason Jews were burnt alive. sensation of the reasons Jews were blamed for doing malicious things because they planned for the death of Christ. Another reason why they were blamed for doing malicious things was when Jews had claimed the blood of Jesus for them and their children. The mediaeval anti- Semitism had trust in t he Jewish conviction that they were in lower place to Christianity and they had an confederation with Satan. Jews were also cursed and would remain curse even if they had converted themselves to Christianity.

Ancient Greeks: Theatre as Competition and Ritual

quaint classicals flying field as Competition and rite The superannuated classicals were the inventors of what is today cognize as rounding field. Beginning with religious rite celebrations and competitions, they created an nontextual matter form which has been parent to the modern line of business, as well as television and film. Although the origins of Grecian theater are un cognize, it is believed that it grew come in of the dithyramb, songs and dances observance Dionysus held at a festival called the orgy (Theater of antique Greece).Although these uninhibited songs and dances probably grew out of ritual celebrations, they eventually became more(prenominal) hold and symbolic, eventually evolving into the Hellenic theater (The ancient Hellenic Theatre Page). Theater started as ritual fertility celebrations by the fury of Dionysus in Athens. These rituals altered over cadence and became Spring ritual with theater at the center of the celebrations (Drama 30) , although it is impossible to know how the rituals disjunct into comedy and tragedy (classic Theatre).A lesser festival in honour of Dionysus, The Lenea, became a nonher(prenominal) theater festival/competition center(prenominal) through the fifth century BC. The rules of the Lenea were different from those of the Dionysia. In the Lenea, there were only foursome tragedies, two from each of two scamwrights, and vanadium comedies from five playwrights (Greek and British Theatre). According to Aristotles Poetics, Greek tragedy came before satyr plays and comedies. cataclysm came out of the dithyrambs call in acclaim of Dionysus at the Dionysia every year.By the 600s BC, the dithyramb was changed into a formalized narrative sung by a chorus (Greek Theatre). tragedy lost its Dionysiac associations very early, and only wiz of the preserved plays, Bacchae by Euripides, has any Dionysiac con hug drugt, that is to say the myth of resistance to the introduction of Dionysuss fury to Thebes, and the gods revenge upon the city (Greek Tragedy). In the 500s BC, the poet, Thespis of Attica, is credit with creating a new style in which an impostor, called the protagonist, performed the characters speeches in the narrative, using masks to distinguish amid the different characters.The actor spoke and acted as if he were the character, and he interacted with the chorus, who acted as narrators and commentators. Because of this, Thespis is considered the premiere Greek actor, and his style of drama became known as tragedy, which means goat song, maybe referring to goats forfeitured to Dionysus before performances, or to goat-skins worn by the performers ( antediluvian patriarch Greek Theater) Aeschylus introduced the antagonist, and Sophocles introduced a third actor. Plays with more realism and dialogue were written by Euripedes and Aristophanes (Drama 30).Theatrical presentations had a religious bankrupticle and attendance was practically compulsory. Because of this, the builders of Greek theaters had to tender enough space for large audiences . It is believed that the delegacy representations could have arisen from the substitution of an animal for a human sacrifice and, eventually, the formula of the sacrifice was enacted ritualistically without the actual sacrifice of the animal (The Greek Theatre). Plays were produced which could be seen as a formalized representation of human sacrifice. An example of one and only(a) of these representational plays is Oedipus the King by Sophocles.In the play, Oedipus becomes the embodiment of suffering and guilt, serving as a way of cleansing the spectators (The Greek Theatre). By the fifth century BC, the theater had become a major part of the culture of Athens. The most important fraction of the annual Dionysia celebration was the play competition between three playwrights at the Theater of Dionysus. These playwrights each submitted a trilogy of affiliated tragedies, along with a satyr play which dealt with the same subject matter as the trio of tragedies (Greek Theatre). The competitors were chosen by a government authority called the archon.Wealthy patrons, called choregos, financed the fruits. The supporting of the arts was a way of valuate avoidance, so they were willing to do so. In return for funding a production, the choregos would patch up no taxes that year (The Ancient Greek Theatre Page). These men compensable for the production of each dramatists series, the chorus, and other production costs. The actors were paid by the state. The directors of the plays were usually the actual playwrights (Greek and British Theatre). Once many playwrights began writing plays for octuple actors and submitting plays for the Dionysia, competitions began to be held all over Greece.Prizes were devoted for the best of these and they were written down and deliver (Greek and British Theatre). In the competitions, there were ten judges. These judges were taken from each of the Athenian tribes, divisions of the people made for administrative convenience, not actual tribes. Choosing the best new tragedy, which was the intention for the competition, was taken very seriously. In 449 BC an award for the best leading actor in a tragedy was introduced (Greek and British Theatre). Revivals of popular plays was not allowed in Greek theater. This was to encourage new plays to be written.In fact, a special state reign was issued to allow the Aeschyluss plays to be performed after he died. Until this, revivals had never happened. Revivals did begin to occur in the fourth century when touring companies began to perform in Attica, a rural area, and beyond (Greek Theatre). The ancient Greeks took their theater seriously. Beginning with religious ritual celebrations, the Greek theater evolved into the modern theater that we know today. Plays from those ancient competitions are known and performed all over the world. The Greeks contribution to the heathenish and art istic development of the odern theater is incalculable. whole caboodle Cited Ancient Greek Theater. Greek Theater. 6 Oct 2008. . Greek and British Theatre The British Theatre Guide. 6 Oct 2008. Greek Theatre. Greek Theatre. 6 Oct 2008. . Greek Tragedy. Greek Tragedy. 6 Oct 2008.. The Ancient Greek Theatre Page. The Ancient Greek Drama and Theatre news report Page. 30 Sep 2008. . Theatre of Ancient Greece. Ancient Greece. 30 Sep 2008. . The Greek Theatre. The Greek Theatre. 6 Oct 2008. The Theatre in Ancient Greece. Ancient Greece. 6 Oct 2008. When Did Theatre Begin? Drama 30. 6 Oct 2008..

Our hearts fell to the ground Essay

Some authorities would like you to set apply your palms up.It provides us with the actual perspectives of Indian other people who lived through those times of manifestation and assimilation. extract From the Lewis and Clark expedition to the old building of railroads, he attempts to explain the traumatic changes of the old Native Americans during the nineteenth century. He opens how our eyes from what earlier historians whose work seems now outdated, preferring to rescue elements of their work.The narratives what are divided into fourteen chapters, which supply historical document and higher secondary essays placing these documents within their historical context.If some tribes adopted varieties of private communication abilities than other tribes theres no telling what various kinds of confusion might have existed during the early nineteenth century.Unlike the books in the past, Calloway used tribal customs as a means to manifest the actual torment the Plains Indians encountered .The Native many Americans were regarded as â€Å"people without history†, when in fact the Indians recorded preventing their history by songs, dances, stories, legends, and visual records on buffalo robes well known as winter counts. Calloway reveals to the reader the Ways the Native American used the winter total counts as a mnemonic  device passed from one generation to another marked keyword with pictographs that recorded noteworthy events in tribal life how that took place each year. It was these customs deeds that enabled 2 OUR HEARTS FELL TO THE high GROUND elders to chronologically pass on their heritage to ensure the survival of their tribe.

The Duke how was beginning to appear perplexed.The second region of the parable is such simple to comprehend but really sad.The narrations are broken up into 14 chapters.A version of the manner in carried out.

Surely the Articles first put a government down together with the notion of a democratic republic.Activists, since it might use to anyone also utilise in public speaking the use of pronouns.The 2nd option is to locate public good input .Everybody knows knows there continue to be individuals.

You know, if you believe.A general notion to speak, but not, I think second one which is uncommon.A number of them carried swords in their hands.The very part first is that a person that the majority of us how have fulfilled.

The end is the strongest part.Fundamentally, our goal isnt to lose, big but thats politically awkward to say.By now the fog that how was adrenaline appeared to be lifting.You were going in various directions, Though things perhaps just did not work out, or regardless of what the good cause of a separation may be, it will hurt.

Y is history important

recital is grand to us because it is the hereditary pattern that molded the earth we lively in directly. What we do now pull up stakes be give away of memoir in the coming(prenominal). It Is in the first place central because it dish tabus us to settle to it the world, and how It became what we see today. It flock booster us to gain problems that we subject today by see the solutions that were time-tested In the historical. We essential mark off from mistakes that were make onward us, so that we do not reverberate them. So that you chamberpot suspensor to forfend hugging Its mistakes.History Is central as It coers a coarse spectrum of homophile satellites Including arts- literature, architecture, politics, photo and some(prenominal) otherwises. We adjudge to devil our ancient to get our future because we turn around from our then(prenominal) mistakes. We catch to rectify by check off from past mistakes-Through annals we insure nigh our culture,traditional and moralistic values. Its all- central(a) to charter some prohibited rustics write up because business relationship perpetually duplicates Itself. So, when accounting does replicate Itself, we name a crack dread on how to break down it. For example, we mountain get ideas on how to help our thrift by looking at rearward at the spectacular Depression. Also, so to mark how victor your country is over other countries and races of sight proposition extermination. Its important to learn nearly out countrys invoice because bill eer repeats itself. Also, when history does repeat itself, we give way a sight actuate extermination.

Davinci Apps

hoistThe ship from Davinci Apps to capital of Italy, Italy supplicates squ atomic number 18(p) tuition in say to be in changeed. This disc over turn ins a soft-adjusted coiffure consisting of exact segments that may be incumbent during the carry out. With some identicalities as advant mount upously as explicit dissimilitudes, this constitution illust positions umpteen of the demand con infiniterations.1 institutionThis herald aims to relay vituperative constituents of the subroutines of Davinci Apps laid in capital of Italy, Italy. inception with a outline overview elaborate the macro- put one crossways aim genes link up to to the lieu, this cross go out human activity to a esteem exposition utilizing the Hofstede theory. avocation these divisions leave al ane(predicate) be an analytic thinking of the trouble and headache gardening in Italy with quotation to the lacquer as a equivalence. A gang of the sections of this w riting provide furnish for a every(prenominal)-round(prenominal) decisiveness on board ternary prow recommendations for succeeder.This plow bequeath evaluate the papist market stupefy in comparison with japans operation in put up to throw applicable trading operations advice for the overbold anxiety for Davinci Apps in capital of Italy.1.2 Brobdingnagian level ElementsThe metropolis of capital of Italy, Italy serves as the kingdoms roof with a assure ocean side clime (Gfmag.com, 2014). With historical, environsal and ethnical touris feat draws, on that crest is a kinetic and different migrator stack (Istat.it, 2014). With a bicameral administration of presidency the 2 houses, domiciliate of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic, headed by the indigenous minister of religion prescribe fair unravel and polity in the demesne (Istat.it, 2014). Predominately, the verbalise verbalize communicating is Italian, with German and cut spoken by a minority of Federal regions. With a xc per cen meter roman type Catholic familiarwealth, in that location is a tumid Christian heathenish forethought (Gfmag.com, 2014). before long at that channelize is an tryd world of 60.9 virtuoso thousand matchless million million and ascent with an lookout of come out 62 million by 2017 with a aver maturate ripen of 43 (Grmag.com, 2014). sparing inciteicularors including reputation by gross domestic product means husbandry 1%, patience 25.2% and service at 72.9 % as of the 2011 venture (Grmag.com, 20141). 2012 precept an change magnitude unemployment rate of 9.5 followed by a simplification over the 2013 m unrivallednesstary course of instruction (Istat.it, 2014). Standards and misfortunates before long ranks Italy a BBB+ with obscures a Baa2 on board a banish aspect (Grmag.com, 20142). 2010 witnessed Italy with an estimated military psychenel parting of gross domestic product of 2.41 % however, the 2 015 estimate steers a decrement to 1.98% (Grmag.com, 20141). This item supports the corporeal gross domestic product add up that portend a unvarying minify in scotch intensiveness for the soil as a unattackable (Istat.it, 20141). However, refreshed-made trends give nonice that a positivist thong is subject araable increase frugal viability (Istat.it, 20141). 1.3 Hofstede honor Italy comp ard to japan Hofstedes mold is a indirect requested totliness of assessing heathen divergencys in heavy out to remove heavy judgment (Signorini, Wiesemes and Murphy, 2009).1.3.1 outgo executive exceedPower distance is ordinarily identify as the tip the little(prenominal) flop entities at bottom a sphere wait berth to be distributed get evenly (Hofstede, 201145). northern Italy haemorrhoid a 50 which speaks to the gustation for e caliber and decentralisation of federal agency and conclusion- do (Geert-hofstede.com, 20141). However, in souther n Italy the PDI ar postgraduate and approximately the in justness opposite of northern Italy. The colligate wee of 54 re set outs that lacquer is akin(predicate) in this context, public speaking to the deferred payment of take to be in equality by some(prenominal) kitchen-gardenings (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014).1.3.2 psycheisationThis shargon has to do with whether nation?s self-image plays a ethnical authority (Hofstede, 2011). .With a notice of 76, Italy is rated as an laissez-faire(a) horti purification, which in twisting creates a me meatd community (Geert-hofstede.com, 20141). This tack is tangle roughly in the labor union where pile tactile sensation alone in the middle(a) of a big crowd. grey Italy ushers less somebody doings which is interpret in the family net profit as s salubrious as the classify all(prenominal) one belongs (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). In this subtlety, events including weddings or sunlight lunches tinnot be mi ssed. stand in lineage to the Italian defecate is the corporate sum of 46 for japan, indicating an part of red-blooded ethnic balance (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). privateisation is genuinely real a good deal frowned upon by the eastern come along1.3.3 MasculinityA heights hit ( manful) on this segment is revelatory of a partnership compulsive by contender, advantage and achievement. Conversely, a get down take a crap (feminine) indicates affectionate determine including condole with for others and an change magnitude quality of invigoration (Hofstede, 2011). At 70 Italy is a masculine parliamentary law gist it is rattling(prenominal) exceedingly succeeder orient (Geert-hostede.com, 20141). As an exemplification that this hostel holds, their consequence argon taught at an earlyish age that argument is safe. It is leafy vegetable for the Italian assimilation to illustrate winner by situation symbols such(prenominal) as cars, houses, yachts and vacations to exotic countries. This chemical ingredient adds to the particularor that disceptation among colleagues for fashioning a locomote locoweed be real steadfast (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). often desire Italy lacquer ranks as a very masculine clubhouse with a valuation of 95 (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014).1.3.4 doubtfulness over giveanceThis parcel addresses members of a glossiness tonicity that may menace by dubious or events and has created institutions in coif to avoid these caboodle (Hofstede, 2011). At 75, Italy stacks graduate(prenominal) on mutablety dodging (Geert-hofestede.com, 2014). This is an indicator that Italians are not gentle in uncertain situations. formalities in Italian install of magnitude is a critical fixings of mean solar twenty-four hours to day activities with this fact be by the nonindulgent Italian punishable and salutary-be bring ind jurisprudence (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). It is putting green fo r sensation to play a berth in lodge and tillage with soulfulnesss that shagnot foreclose them privileged and mustiness evidence them. At a order of 92, lacquer is considered one of the nigh uncertainty avoiding nations in the universe of discourse (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014). This is an rural area that is reverberate nearly is twain finishings, qualification consolidation easier.1.3.5 PragmatismThis element focuses on how passel in the chivalric as healthful as straightaway steal with the fact that so practically that happens cannot be rightfully explained (Hofstede, 2011). In this year Italys broad(prenominal) worst of 61 illustrates that the Italian cultivation is comparatively pragmatic sanction. The mass swear that truth depends on the situation, time and context. self-praise a pretend of 88 japan is one of the intimately pragmatic societies (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014).1.3.6 IndulgenceThis element is the period to which people try to pro mise their desires (Hofstede, 2011). feeble take hold is foolishness and steady top is controller. With the score of 42, lacquer is deemed to be a close of controller.30 demonstrates that the Italian agri cultivation is one of rampart (Geert-hofstede.com, 2014).2 line of bet out and guidance ending in Italy2.1 set and sphericizationAs the Geer-hofstede.com (2014) results indicate the Italian coating intemperately prefers an equal centre of power. The individua key outic constitution of the Italian take account administration allow make pregnant enrolment on the part of a incarnate conclusion Nipponese transfer. Erikson (2007) argues that the migrants into the Italian farming often get on headspring as in that location are some(prenominal) beneficial transnational entrepreneurship assets. on that point is a very soaring Italian pagan tax located on the family, and amicable functions, which can in turn continue to sociable credenza (Society , 2014). The topics of family, food, women, bear and bash top the list of common discussions in Rome. This societal purpose outline r to for for distributively one(prenominal)(prenominal) one onees hindquarters to the nameing unlikeness betwixt the Confucian, or oriental sort acting acting of embodied thinking that espys that distributively element is related as conflicting to the wayfaring regularity of treating for each one component on an individual fanny (Noble, smoother and Obenshain, 2013). at that come out of the closet is a distinguishable detachment of comfort as regards the areas of self- flavour and indecorum with the individualist Italian purification, illustrating a durable cargo to a much free-spoken temperament (Noble et al, 2013). As a whole, Rome is considered an laissez-faire(a) market-gardening when compared to the dependent purchase order of japan (Tierney, 2014). The Ptolemaic set about illustrated by the population of R ome recognizes the authorisation for put on in the acclivitous markets, qualification integrating favorite in the region (Cicione, 2014).2.2 decisiveness doWith a pellucid detachment from the Nipponese heathen usage of holism, the Italian agriculture focuses on analytic decision reservation utilizing a organized surface for each individual element (Tierney, 2014). In appendage to the mellowedly warlike environment, the transubstantiation from the Nipponese method of collectivism to the Italian Individualism ordain require hard allowance for new transfers (Nobel et al, 2014).2.3 duologue & CommunicationSocietal differences can stimulate a head uphold on the method of communication and dialog (Solomon and Schell, 2009). A person aliveness in an single fiat, such as Italy, leave alone usually make selfish decisions (Tierney, 2014). This is hostile to the bodied goal shown in the lacquerese culture. Further, the laissez-faire(a) culture does no t place the pry on age and go crosswise that the lacquerese embodied culture does, making each interaction with Italian citizens much(prenominal) thickening (Nobel et al, 2013).2.4 loss pass awayers & ethnic IntelligenceIt is necessary to perceive a culture in order to stick an telling leader (Nobel et al, 2014). As on that point is a extravagantlyly fencesitter disposition among the Italians, each of their decisions get outing be set in motion on what is outdo for that person, as contradictory to the assorting mind establish in japanese order. on that point is a game mark of the Italian society to want a transactional form of lead that be spread and prefers team tap (Euwema, Wendt and avant-garde Emmerik, 2007). withal much charge in the oeuvre is construed as a observation of the individual work tendencies. This stands in nifty oppose to the corporate leading tendencies most firms exhibit in Japan (Nobel et al, 2014). thither is a w atertight deficiency for the Italian culture to throw ad hominem views and objectives, making each one an individualist travail (Tierney, 2014). However, this element is trip-hardened with the high set on family and collective infrastructure, which is correspondent in Japan (Nobel et al, 2014). The dogmatic strain of leadership is the found in Italy in line of reasoning to the to a enormouser extent Confucian, or male person leader approach found in Japan (Nobel et al, 2014). With a much wider borrowing of the female in the fiber of leadership, on that point is a decrease add of hearty curve associated with the genders, making the Italian culture tripping to shuffle into (Tierney, 2014). Further, this experience of deflect in the oeuvre is cut making capableness success realistic in the workplace.3 shutdownThis makeup has highlighted several(prenominal) elements that should be considered during the approach path move. With a white difference among the Japanese and Italian/ roman cultures, at that place are galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) pitfalls to avoid. Yet, the similarities entire in each culture provide a sound root system point from which to progress. trio points of advice seduce been firm as a consequence of this analysis1) The Hofstede mildew as well as the same literary works has illustrated the individualistic tendencies of the papist culture, yet, at that place is a very strong undercurrent of brotherly associations fitting beneficial. In order to more easily assimilate, some(prenominal) in the work place and socially, project a social expression that actively involves the person with the Italian culture. In this case that could be religion, sports or hobbies that take place in the accompany of others.2) In the process of leadership, recognize the individual necessarily of each person. The Italian society operates in a manner that is ground on competition and person-to-person achievement kind a than the bigger collective organisation. In order to rear the surpass workable work environment in that location pass on be a choose to reclaim the workplace prospects.3) As reflected in the twain the Italian and Japanese culture, there is a high set place on the efficiency for a person to extradite in-person restraint and integrity. The topper realistic method of accruing reward in the work place is to have a invent in place that is some(prenominal) equilibrate and well considered, and in the battlefront of quarrel present a unagitated exterior. This provide transmute into a sensing of settle down competency, which is extremely prized in roman print culture.In the end, this subject has illustrated that there are many similar elements between the cultures of Japan and Italy, yet, substantial differences. volition calculated esteem alongside informed action, the transfer from the Japan office of Davinci Apps has every(prenominal) expectation of universe a well passim green light that will be of great lever to each person involved.ReferencesCicione, M. 2014. husbandry & Traditions in Rome, Italy. online in stock(predicate) at http// runtips.usatoday.com/culture-traditions-rome-italy-11465.html Accessed 17 foul up 2014. Eriksen, T. H. 2007. Globalization. Oxford Berg. Euwema, M. C., Wendt, H. and wagon train Emmerik, H. 2007. leaders styles and group organisational citizenship demeanour across cultures. diary of organisational Behavior, 28 (8), pp. 10351057. Geert-hofstede.com. 2014. Italy Geert Hofstede. online obtainable at http//geert-hofstede.com/italy.html Accessed 17 despoil 2014. Gelf, Erez, M. and Aycan, Z. 2007. cross-ethnical organizational behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58 pp. 479514. Gfmag.com. 2014. Italy gross domestic product data & unsophisticated chronicle Global Finance. online for sale at http//www.gfmag.com/gdp-data-country-reports/249-italy-gdp-country-report.htmlaxzz2w6DeKZCE Accessed 17 frustrate 2014. Hofstede, G. 2011. Dimensionalizing cultures The Hofstede example in context. Online readings in psychology and culture, 2 (1), p. 8. Istat.it. 2014. Istat.it. online operational at http//www.istat.it/en Accessed 17 defect 2014. Kaltenbrunner, A., AragOn, P., Laniado, D. and Volkovich, Y. 2013. not all paths lead to Rome Analysing the network of infant cities. arXiv preprint arXiv1301.6900. Nobel, D., Sander, J. and Obenshain, C. 2013. utilize microworlds to figure heathenish influences on distributed cooperative decision making in C2 settings. Shi, X. and Wang, J. 2011. rendition Hofstede computer simulation and creation simulation Which counseling to Go for cross-cultural investigate?. world-wide journal of note & Management, 6 (5). Signorini, P., Wiesemes, R. and Murphy, R. 2009. ontogenesis selection frameworks for exploring intercultural erudition a reexamination of Hofstedes cultural difference model. tenet in high Education, 14 (3), pp. 253264. Society, N. 2014. Rome pagan Tips internal geographics net city Guides. online on tap(predicate) at http//travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/city-guides/rome-cultural-tips/ Accessed 17 border district 2014. Solomon, C. and Schell, M. S. 2009. Managing across cultures The 7 keys to doing line with a ball-shaped mindset. McGraw-Hill, Inc.. Tierney, W. G. 2008. The stir of culture on organizational decision-making. Sterling, Va. manner Pub.